Performance distance Essay Example for Free

Performance distance EssayIn Embedded erudition Strategy Instruction Story-Structure Pedagogy in Heterogenous Secondary Literature Classes, Michael Faggela-Luby, jean Schumaker, and Donald Deshler evidence the problem of uneven claiming structures among literature students. Their previous inquiry found that a majority of inessential education level students were reading under the reading comprehension level appropriate for their age level.This was attributed to the inability of teachers to find a structure of teaching reading comprehension and narrative structure in a method that would both aloneow LD students to comprehend narrative story structures while still challenging higher level culture students. They present a number of relevant studies done over the years that have presented polar story structure learning models to different focus groups of students to examine the results.However, these results are by and large inconclusive because some studies failed to pr oduce graphs that explained their results and others did not separate LD students from other students, therefore failing to examine the experimental structures in harm of these two distinguishable groups. Their seek attempted to find a reading comprehension structure that could be applied to all levels of students and be used as a universal cats-paw towards learning comprehension and story structure for students of all learning aptitudes and levels.They conducted a research experiment use 79 students to examine the effectiveness of the embedded-story structure. Some students were particular(a) readers, while some were strong readers. Students taught in their regular classrooms with regular materials and were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group would use the embedded story structure (ESS) while the other would use the comprehensive skills instruction (CSI) method. A graph and statistical data was included to present the statistics of these two groups in terms of ag e, gender, and test scores.Another figure displayed the categories of self questioning, story structure analysis and summary writing that were applyd in ESS. The CSI group used the categories of vocabulary strategy, question-answer relationships, and semantic summary mapping. More tables listed the statistical information for which students received which test form. Results of all tests administered revealed data that proved learning improvement and comprehension advancement in students using the ESS method.These increases in comprehension were in the non-LD students on both lower and higher reading strengths. The conclusion seems to be that ESS benefits readers on any reading level, but does not necessarily provide marked improvement for LD students. The results of the research seem positive, and it seems that the ESS method could represent a source to the problem of uneven learning comprehension in students at different reading levels. But one of the limitations pointed out by t he researchers is that in the experiment, the teacher was also the researcher.I found this interesting because it assisted to ensure hit the books viability, but does not guarantee that improvement results would be the same with other teachers, which makes it questionable as to its practical application in the classroom. A possible solution to this, and a way to help ensure that ESS is being taught similarly at learning institutions everywhere, would be to implement an educational forum to instruct teachers how to properly utilize ESS in the classroom. This could also give teachers suggestions for implementing the method with LD students in an effort to give them the same benefit.Further research could be done into streamlining ESS to better benefit LD students and instructing teachers checkly. The article, Ensuring Content-Area Learning by Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities, Donald D. Deshler, Jean B. Schumaker, B. Keith Lenz, Janice A. Bulgren, Michael F. Hock, Jim K night and Barbara J, Ehren research the problem of preparing learning disabled students to handle heavier course loads and learning expectations at the secondary and high school level. They provide background statistics finding a large number of LD students that experience self-esteem issues at these school levels or drop out.A graph included shows the performance distance between LD students and the general population students they are often put in classes with and illustrates how the two groups acquire knowledge differently. The researchers examine dual elements of a study done at the University of Kansas Research Center on Learning. The purpose of the article was to examine the study done at KU-CRL and modulate whether its dual-intervention approach was beneficial to LD students and could be implemented in classrooms at all levels.The researchers at KU-CRL found that there needed to be two levels of intervention to help LD students. The first, according to the authors, needed to be done by the teachers and involved implementing teaching strategies that were accessible to students on all learning backgrounds. The second focused more on the students themselves and teaching them learning and studying methods that helped them understand and comprehend material. There are five levels of intervention teachers can use to impact learning levels of students.They vary according to the methods of intervention used by the teacher and the direct impact on the student, ranging from implementing overall learning routines to providing the student with individual strategy structures designed for them. The authors cite studies in which these strategies of embedding learning have worked with limited results. They also point out that the method of delivery for the strategies is important to their effect. A model explains the inclusion strategy for use.Overall, the authors find all of the studies done on the KU-CRL research finds that general learning strategies can be benefic ial to LD students to help them with learning comprehension, and that once these are implemented in the classroom that many LD students are able to utilize these strategies outside the classroom too. It recognizes that placing LD students in general classroom settings doesnt mean that they will be able to learn successfully according to general strategies. I found this article interesting for its examination of the learning needs of the LD student at both the individual and institution-wide level.The authors assay that individual attention and tutoring are still vital when implementing these blanket learning strategies, and I think thats important to remember. My recommendation if these intervention level learning strategies were to be implemented would be to simultaneously implement a tutoring program for LD students that find themselves requiring a different level of intervention or a different strategy than what is being implemented in the classroom. This would assist teachers a ttempting to implement the intervention model but still finding that some LD students arent receptive.This tutoring could also bring forward LD students to keep learning new methods for knowledge comprehension. The authors also emphasized proper training and ongoing support for teachers implementing this learning strategy in the classroom and I think thats important as well. Teachers learning a new approach for helping LD students in their classroom should have the benefit of accessing new research and findings into the most effective methods of teaching to bridge the gap between normally developed learners and LD students.

Education Is the Key to a Good and Successful Life Essay Example for Free

Education Is the Key to a Good and Successful Life EssayGetting a good education is one of the foundations of living a good tone. Yes of course morals, family, and religion are huge parts of your life, but without a good education youll have a hard time vent anywhere but down in this world Im afraid. The word education is misrepresented often though, because it does not always mean reading lots of books and composition tons of papers to get a good grade. No education is learning how to do things the right way at its most basic level, and when you do things right in life you become successful without a doubt. Sure there are those people out there that dont need their high inform diplomas, or didnt need college, and thats unless great Theyve been naturally blessed with strong minds and good skills to provide for them in life. But as with most people, life is a learning process and develop helps you organize the wee years of that process so you can become as efficient and su ccessful as early in life as possible. So if youre thinking about dropping out of high tutor, then you need to think twiceHigh inculcate definitely isnt the most exciting place to spend your youth years, thats a fact But none the less its slake important to your life on a huge scale. High school provides you with a general range of knowledge that can be applied through out your entire lifetime. and so in high school you get the chance to branch out a little more and experience a little bit of everything. This helps you to decided maybe what you want to do when you finally do finish high school and begin the next step in your life.After high school though the possibilities grow so much greater for you. College is the general destination for most high school graduates, but it definitely isnt for everyone Some people exit continue to college, pick a major, graduate, and become successful in their field for the rest of their life, and thats just wonderful But for others, that may not be the trump route to take. A lot of people join the military, because its a good life style to live.The military provides a structured way of life as well as a strong paycheck to live by. Army personnel, whether they be despatchicers or ensigns, never go to bed hungry or nipping because what they cant provide for themselves the military will provide for them. Granted this does come at a huge cost. You will serve out the time you sign up for, no excuses, as well as you put forth 100% of yourself (including your very own life) to be in our military. Its a good life style to live, but it also has its price.Also another choice of action would be a trade school to become an electrician, plumber, or other manual labour type of job. These jobs though, compared to just mowing lawns, give you a good education in the field and you can earn huge amounts of money because of all the technological knowledge and skill required. This way of living is definitely not for those who dont wan t to get dirty, or for those who are lazy because it is not an easy way to goMany people also just live off their own cleverness. They sell products or invent nifty tools that people buy and use. These are particular kind of people because they work much harder than the others. These kind of people are the ones who started with almost nothing and become millionaires. They didnt inherit the money, all they did was use the mind in their head to get them ahead in life.So before you blow off education, just remember these things If you think dropping out of high school is for you then think again because just finish high school and the possibilities open up before you. The military, trade schools, your own cleverness, or even just college are great choices after high school and they all will provide you with the skills and tools needed to become successful in life. So dont brush off education as a waste of time just because its not the most fun thing to do, because even though its not fun its still hugely important to your life. Remember that, just remember that.

Bridging Academic and Career Competencies Essay Example for Free

Bridging Academic and Career Competencies EssayThe university attainment goals are essential skills that hiring managers look for when reviewing applications. Knowing how to incorporate the learning goals into your move competencies can help you in the application and career-search process. Fill in the following table with 100-word summaries of how each university learning goal can help you with career preparedness.University learning goalHow each goal prepares you for success in the workplaceProfessional Competence and ValuesProfessional Competence and Values prepares me for success in the workplace by giving me the classes that I need to be successful in a future career and my personal life. The university providing these courses, which give the skills and knowledge incumbent to be successful, is helpful to me since I am non being put into classes that I have nothing to do with my career field. This goal also encourages womb-to-tomb learning, which encourages me to take mo re classes once I graduate from my current program and strive to learn more when I enter my career field post-graduation. vital Thinking and Problem SolvingCritical thinking and Problem Solving prepares me for success in the workplace by giving me the skills to be split up with how I think about and address problems. While in the workplace, this allow help me and has helped me so far to take my thoughts from just a yes or no answer, to answers that I have reflected on more. This goal will also help give me the skills to come up with a more reasoned and detailed solution when answer a problem. With that knowledge, I can explain to my employer the solution I chose for a problem and why I chose it.CommunicationCommunication helps me prepare for success in the workplace by giving me the knowledge I need to be a better formal communicator. Learning how to better use grammar, punctuation, and tone in how I write will help when I need tosend memos to colleagues in my career field. Havin g that information will help me better communicate to them professionally, and not how I would talk to my friends on a daily basis. Communication will also help with how I present my ideas to others, so that they are easy to scan and respectful of colleagues both in the tone and words that I use.Information UtilizationInformation Utilization helps me prepare for success in the workplace by helping me to improve my research skills and how I use the information that I find. Having classes where I have to locate answers using the research skills that I already have, causes me to better refine what I am already doing so that when I enter a career field, I will not need assistance if I am looking for information that I may need. This goal also will help me to use the proper information, so that whatever I am working on can be right the first time and negate the need to have to go back and research again. coactionCollaboration helps me prepare for success in the workplace by allowing me to work in groups with other students on projects. Collaborating will give the ability to hear and see things from sextuple points of view that I do not possess, something that will help me when I get to a career. Collaboration will help me with the ability to trust aggroup members, and not be quick to judge or try to do things on my own, as in my chosen career field, that is not something I will be able to do, and will have to work with others on solutions.

Challenges Faced by Li and Fung

Challenges Faced by Li and FungOverviewLi Fung is wrinkle to short letter ships attach to, working as a trinity party or middle men between retailers and suppliers or manufacturers. The participation has been operating successfully in this market since its establishment in 1906. Li Fung was started as a partnership venture in China and was known as an export trading company with oversea merchants as main customers. Later Li Fung also entered into the craft of wargonhousing and manufacturing. The company was shifted from being a family owned business to listed company by the third generation of the family.The company deals in both softening and hard goods, but focuses more on hard goods as they offer higher margins as compared to soft goods. The company was operating on the old handed-down ideal of physical offline existence. But the advent of internet technology has somewhat changed the scenario and has raised serious concerns near the profitable companys operation. Th ere has been a trend that the online competitors of almost every business are outclassing their offline competitor organizations and firms.Li Fung has been also concerned about the emergence of disparate online business to business companies which can decrease the companys market share and profitability. The management of the company is looking for various ways and strategies in say to cope up with this flagellum. It is important for almost every company to change and modify their business and operations according to changing contexts and situations otherwise the company will not be able to operate profitability.The management of Li Fung understands this fact and is always ready to incorporate new technology into the business operations. The company is looking to go for a defensive and nervous strategy at the same time and is introducing online operations along with offline operations. This will not only defend the companys position against the online business to business com panies but will also give competition to them because of good and high reputation of the company.Problems Facing the OrganizationThe different problems faced by Li Fung are listed below in order of priority or importanceThe change magnitude trend of internet technology and online companies and business has posed a serious panic to the emulousness of the traditional offline companies.The online business unit of Li Fung which has been established with the name of lifung.com can result in cannibalization of the companys offline services and business.The uncertainty of the success of online business exercise make waterd by Li Fung targeting small and medium size enterprises (SMEs).The possibility of other strong competitors to copy the online business bewilder of the company.The expertise required for the efficient discourse of online business model.The employees resistance to installation and usage of new technology and business models and concepts.DiscussionThe main problem which is being faced by Li Fung is the scourge of losing profitability and market share because of the emergence of business to business online companies. With more and more companies using internet technology as well as increasing number of online businesses coming up have posed a serious threat to the competitiveness of the traditional offline companies. Because companies can operate at a turn away cost and can reach more customers across the world by using internet, therefore with less investment and targeting more customers in more markets, this has compel one of the major threats for Li Fung.Also because Li Fung has been majorly selling its products traditionally like an offline company therefore as the company has started its online business unit as well with the name of lifung.com it can hurt the core competency of the company through which it was generating revenue. And this can outclass or cannibalize the companys traditional way or operations and business. Besides th is, one of the main distinguishing features of Li Fung was that it was focusing more on traditional methods to sell the products however, this focus has also been changed and it would change the overall organizational culture and its strategies. Besides this, employees would have to learn new methods and new ways to do the business and they need to be trained again. So it might create a mess for the employees and the management of the company. Thus, new challenges would be faced by the company and this new challenging situation can be a threat for the company as it can hurt its customer base and its current service quality.Besides this, the other threat faced by Li Fung is that the company has started their online business to cope up with the fabrication trend however, the success of online business model created by the company is uncertain as it is targeting small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). As the company has not been involved in doing business online therefore Li Fu ng does not have the expertise and people to manage this emerging industry trend and therefore the future of the company is a big question mark.Strategic Organizational AlternativesThe possible strategic organizational alternatives which can be mentation for as formulating beneficial and profitable future strategies areThe company can permute its offline business to the online business.The company can operate with both business models i.e. traditional brick and mortar model and new concept of online business which will complement each other.Another strategic option is that company offers different business models for different target markets according to their needs and requirements.The company can involve employees in the change process and can conduct learning and training programs in order to make the process of change smooth.The first three strategies are inversely exclusive and company has to decide on any one of it. If company decides to convert its offline business to the online business there is possibility of huge cost cutting and large profit margins but the company has to work on building an entirely new image in the mind of consumers. At the moment the company is being positioned and recognized as a traditional old business model company.The second strategy foster that online business can complement the offline business of the company this again will provide an opportunity to compete with the business to business online companies but this can result in increasing costs of operations.The third strategy of introducing different business models for different target markets will help the company to develop and increase the market size and business but this can result in cannibalization of the companys traditional offline business model.The fourth strategy is not mutually exclusive and company will have to incorporate this strategy will any other strategy it decides to implement.ScenariosThe different environmental and organizational scenarios that can be faced by the company areThe business to business online companies outclass the companys offline services. There is very little possibility of likelihood of this event to occur because of the power and competitive advantage Li Fung has created in the market.The failure of the online venture of the company with the name of lifung.com. This scenario also has very little possibility because the company has done kosher research about this decision.The failure or collapse of the technical support and basis required for starting online business. There is a possibility of this event because the company has entered into contract with Castling group for the technical expertise and the staff of Li Fung is untrained. If at any later stage there is problem or issues in the contract or the contract is terminated the company will be facing problem on part of technical expertise.ConclusionIt is necessary and compulsory for companies to change and adapt themselves according to the changin g conditions and circumstances. Same is the case with Li Fung, the company is successfully operating according to its traditional old business model but the advent of new internet technology has posed serious threat to the competitiveness of the business.In order to operate profitability and remain competitive in the market the company has to incorporate the new technology into its operations and have to formulate not only defensive but also offensive strategies to retain the market position and increase the market share.

Radio-frequency Identification (RFID) System Development

receiving set-frequency Identification (RFID) System DevelopmentAbstractIn this proposal, I would manage to investigate is the shop carcass work for the visually afflicted psyche. For the methodology part, my research is separate in two briny parts. In the low part, I deposit discover interview with the supermarket customers to gain a basic soul of the opinion to build a shopping ashes work for the visually damage psyche. In the second part is just ab out the intersection point, the process is the supermarket got the RFID dust in the future, then visually stricken soulfulness fix the watch to receive the RFID that permit them to k flat where they be and withal the development of the product they want. My governing body will too want to understand the specific ruggedies and troubles that the visually afflicted person whitethorn happen and their requisites with the super market shopping system.I begin by evaluating the impact of supermarket and the visually stricken person. I will install the system which for the super market to use, then examine the results of a survey of super market customer with their opinion about install a system for the visually impaired person to use in the supermarket. Moreover, there will include the budget of this system.ProblemHong Kong already positively begined the science and engineering science from the mid-90s, al hotshot in 1999, the financial secretary Donald Tsang Yam-Kuen, proposed that Hong Kong must develop heights-tech massively, innovates positively the science and engine room, except for is facing the bubble economy effect Hong Kong economy, develops an outlet, hoped that uses Hong Kongs superiority, coifs Hong Kong to develop Asias scientific research key position.The intrinsic condition first is talented person Hong Kong would like to create the value, the development science and technology, what most essential is the talented person, Hong Kong as a result of the place and the histo ry cultural context superiority, earth-closet attraction large quantities of state with professional skills,Carried out the popularization education positively after for legion(predicate) years, Hong Kong persons educational level is promoting unceasingly. The local anaesthetic each institutions of mettle manyer education launchs curriculum, like the mechanical engineering, the electronic engineering, biotechnology and the in configurationation science and technology, provoke train thousands of technical people with professional skills e real year for Hong Kong. In office person Shi the aspect, the government encourages the industry to pay great attention to knead the talented person, deliver the goodss the large taxes and levies width to reduce for this reason, and through new technology training plan, to recommend for admittance to school the repairing study new science and technology the company to extend the financial support. Special zone government for raise local w orking population innovation aptitude, in 99 years identify on government administration proposed that in the elementary education stage carrying out comprehensive education, cultivate the disciple the innovative idea and creation ability. The student besides the study basic academic knowledge and the technological means that wad also grasp the thought that the analysis and the communication skill, as salutary as has the essential skill, will en suitable can derive the new knowledge in the future and adapt the new thing, drove that the student will enrich himself unceasingly, will make every effort to progress. Infrastructure As early as in the early 90s, Hong Kong invested a hundred million seven thousands of US dollar establishment Pan-Asian fiber optics system, connected North America, European, Australian and Asian each region, but Hong Kong was also the global first development interaction tele resourcefulness and the gamey speed transmission network ara. These infrast ructure overcomes the sober foundation for Hong Kong development knowledge science and technology. Fund Develops the new science and technology to lease the huge fund, but Hong Kong takes the international financial concenter, can buy from all over the world the capital in the port investment. Except for this, the local enterprise recent years also marked to invest the high tech industry, if positively developed the telecommunication business with the yellow group, but Hong Kong telecommunication also invested hundred hundred million development lucre function. Government policy The government recent years started to take the high tech service, developed the high tech for Hong Kong to make the computable environment. But in the promotion industrial technology horizontal aspect, the government has established the industry science and technology center and the industry and the technological progress bureau in the 90s, also through industry bureau and productive forces promotio n bureau assistance manufacturing industry ascent technique level. Scientific research Hong Kong each universities, colleges and institutes for many years in the scientific research consent make many progresses, successively in the Internet technology, biotechnology, environmental protection and the electronic currency and so on researches and develops the leading whole world variously the technology, but these achievements in scientific research develop the tech industry strongest backing.Intrinsic demand employment question The technical education also simultaneously brings the people with professional skills pointless question. Because Hong Kong development sciences and technologys timber is too slow, the labor market simply cannot buy in the people with professional skills completely, causes question which the unemployment and the capable person campaign out. Therefore, develops the high tech to Hong Kong is urgent. constancy reforming Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea as early as started in the 70s by crowded to transfer gradually the industry by the work the capital, the technology ar crowded, and achieved the arrogant person achievement. Reviewed Hong Kong to fall behind many in this aspect, until now salvage outside moved reduces the cost the way survival. Must seize Asia industrial center again the status, we must develop the high tech, assists industry reforming. Multiplication Now Hong Kongs economic structure too emphatically trade and financial service industry, both Canada occupies local total output value over 40%, but not the balanced development brings the enormous concealed worry like this for Hong Kong. Develops the high tech to be assertable to strengthen the manufacturing industry the proportion, realizes the economical multiplication. External factorTwenty one century by Yu Wei will be knowledge and the technical century, technological progress successful or not plays to a national or the local competitive power the decisive role , now many countries already forestall to start. The history tells us, Hong Kong each time peak is leads by the external factor, therefore, if we cannot seize tighten this opportunity, catches up with develops the high tech extend bus, we will certainly to degenerate into twenty one century loser. Feasible pattern.The high techs itself can the independence by an industry form development. Hong Kong has the splendid infrastructure, a knowledge and the foresight capable person, the huge fund and craves in the new thing quality is to develops the high tech industry ideal place. Taiwans Hsinchu science cat valium and USs Silicon Valley, is the high tech industry independent survival, but can lead the economic development the successful slip on the other hand, the high tech may also assist Hong Kong each profession lift technique and strengthen the productive forces, and raises the working efficiency, reaches to decreases the cost the benefit. The shipping industry may introduce the c omputerization management, raises the cargo handling efficiency The clothing industry may use the computer establishment ready-made clothing de bless instance and raw material database, manages the production and the warehouse The electronic manufacturing industry may buy the new machine, by formerly made the OEM low-order electronic part ontogeny to independently to design and the production higher order electronic products The revertex and the toy business may also introduce the computer aided design and make (CAD/CAM), improvement product innate nature.In summary, Hong Kongs high tech development road to should be the opening independent high tech industry, in gain by vanguard technology transformation existing profession, to technology-intensive direction adjustment. This kind two legs walk the development model, will bring the biggest benefit for Hong Kong. In summary, Hong Kong has develops high tech all essential conditions, but the high tech can also lead the whole econo mic development, therefore, developed the high tech suddenly is the most suitable road to approach to Hong Kong.We can see that Hong Kong is becoming a high level technology city, all things around us are become digital and high quality. We will think that every single people in Hong Kong can enjoy the benefit of it. How what we cannot see is there still have some group of people in the conjunction that still have life uncomfortable. The visually impaired people in Hong Kong are difficult to shopping in the super market which I think high technology can booster them to improve their day-by-day life. Our government have secernate before that we need to developed the science and technology, so why we dont do it today?The World Health Organization announces, the world approximately has 45,000,000 visually impaired people, the including 90% visually impaired person, are in the developing country. The world regards the barrier patient to reach 1.35 hundred million people, visually i mpaired persons world, has analogized has been the sable world. In the dark world, how should fit to the fact world? How to survive? This is the discerning person is unable to realize. since 1960, European and American various countries have started to impel to let of physical disabilities the positively and other motion barrier can like the common normal person use each kind of building, the facility, the activity locale as well as the transportation vehicle and so on. This kind the movement which causes the disabled persons to pass unimpeded, is called the non-barrier movement Importance of the Barrier-free design. Enhances regards bonds the state-supported figure to sleep together the innate nature an important condition is penetrates the improvement public place the channel facility, enables them to walk independently, has a greater story-of-freedom to participate in the community moving, integrates the guild easily and establishes the society which together with the disab led people to a greater extent harmonious altogether melts. Need of for the coordination social development, promotes the Barrier-free design facility unceasingly, the promotion regards bonds opportunity of the public figure equality participation social activity, lets them share in the tuition, transportation, path, building and other aspects kindredly with the average person the public utility, realizes the government to propose that the society altogether melts without the barrier idea.Most of the visually impaired person may have problem for their daily life, such as choose the product and go to pay the money. We can see there are heaps of different facilities to help them solve the daily life problem. For interpreter, the tactile map the tactile line path and the audio description, which I think is useful tools. But we cannot find those useful facilities in the supermarket. What I can do is create a supermarket system for the visually impaired person to use, to make them f eel more convenient during shopping in the supermarket. A system for guiding the visually impaired person including the watch with receive RFID system function and the earphones is a sound generator, to guide the visually impaired person what goods they are watching for and how much is the harms. In twenty-second century, people will use the entire high technique product to let their life become convenient, so as the visually impaired person. We can expect shopping system will become very useful for them in the future.AimMy aim is to provide a high technique system to let the visually impaired person use in the supermarket. They can simply wear a watch which with receive RFID system function and the earphones to research the bar code and they just listen to the voice, then they will know what kinds of food that they are searching for. Visually impaired persons as society in special groups, needs the society to give them more concerns and the attendance, enables them a better indep endent life. How to walk safely with the purchase life needs is the visually impaired person the most major problem of their lives, jibe to the past visually impaired product advantages and disadvantages and the visually impaired person personal request and need, I has designed a set of more perfect supermarket visually impaired person guidance system. On the super market, I can sees the visually impaired is hard to decide where should they go and about the product information. They always need to ask for help and that I thing will waste their time very much I fell so uncomfortable with their situation. If there has set of functions perfectly to lead the visually impaired system to have well. Therefore, I start to collect the material, bustles about for my system. After the material collection, I found that Hong Kong has 120,000 visually impaired people, includes the hemianopia. The visually impaired person always does the things for independence in their life, they made the basic independence depending on their strength, but there still have the things that they cannot do and aspect. After understanding partial visually impaired people, I understanding to the visually impaired person in the journey and the life difficulty, I has obtained them certain subject matters which faces in the daily life They live in a dark world, walked cannot find the concrete position and they are hard to find out the things that they want. Thats why I want to provide the super market system for them to use.To achieve the aims, I will focus on the relationship between shopping system and the coding system which supermarket provide .The following are some hypotheses that I would like to investigate in this research.H1 Most of visually impaired person are not easy to shopping in the supermarket.H2 Most of the visually impaired person need the shopping system.H3 shopping system for the visually impaired person is work and gain profit.H4 Provide the high quality and good user port sho pping system instrument.H1, H2 and H3 investigate the socio-economic (marco) aspects of shopping system.In order to research H1, I will research the visually impaired person in Hong Kong and other country such as US, China.etc .H2 Reveals most of the visually impaired person need a tools to help them to shopping themselves.H3 I need to sure that this system can get the profit because that the main tendencyive that a business plan come from.H4 Provide the high quality and f good user interface shopping system instrument to make sure that visually impaired person people can enjoy their shopping, they can get a joyful lifestyle.BackgroundPARKnSHOPAs my target is install the system for visually impaired person to use in PARKnSHOP. I will give a short descript for PARKnSHOP first, they are the local supermarket store, they are one of the largest supermarket in Hong Kong. They aim to give customers the highest quality product and outstanding value for money, they also provide many fresh foods for customers to choose, and they will give the most reasonable price of the product to the customers. PARKnSHOP was start at 1973 by Hutchison Whampoa, they have more than two hundred stores already over Hong Kong and Macau these two places, which is a big chain with 9000 employees and achieve themselves to their commitment with innovation and provide good quality of service to the customers. They are a member of Watsons from Hutchison Whampoa Limited. The famous service of PARKnSHOP is the Fresh Check and Price Watch two programmes. Fresh Check promise that their will give the most good levels of food safety to their customers and it is at the trump out value in town. Price Watch will set the price near standard of Hong Kong retailing and similar shops setting price. If the customers find that their Price Watch products price is higher than others store that they will give back the gift to customers which make the customers feel more confident. To show their responsibility of the product price setting. PARKnSHOPs have more than 50 Superstores in Hong Kong. They start the first Superstore in Hong Kong in 1996. Superstore concept has transformed the mind of Hong Kong people think about the supermarket shopping store. They give a new concept of supermarket for the customer that they are not like the traditional supermarket store. Giving their customers the most lots of selection with their store items in Hong Kong, provide lots of food such as fish, vegetables, sushi, snack and the rice. They also provide all the life necessary product, for example blanket, dish and the bowl. The larger PARKnSHOPs superstores will provide clothes, bed, imported cosmetics, and bath accessories, a DIY section, lots of general household products to the customers.They also have the first PARKnSHOP Megastore start in 2002, it with a floor space of 6 700 metre square which is a very big area in Hong Kong.Visually impaired personAccording to the Social data collected via the G eneral Household Survey in 2008. There are currently 122, 600 legally visually impaired person in Hong Kong. Visually impaired person is a persons whos with eyes sightedness difficulty and those who had been appraise as being visually impaired person, sometimes visually impaired person may just have the low vision under the professional checks or define they will have a long-term seeing difficulty with one eye or both eyes whether they are with or without wearing any correcting glasses lenses.They living in the Hong Kong who face daily obstacles with routine tasks, especially in regards to their experiences within supermarkets and stores. Developing assistive technologies and handheld devices allows for the possibility of increasing independence for those who have low vision. Currently, many grocery stores dispense those that are visually impaired person as high cost customers, and dramatically undersell to this market, ignore to take their needs into consideration. The use of com putational vision can be advantageous in helping these visually impaired person customers, as restrictions such as the limited ability of guide dogs, oftentimes changing store layouts, and existing resources do not allow for a completely independent shopping experience. Using technologies such as object recognition, sign reading, and text-to-speech notification could allow for a greater autonomous solution to the growing problem.Total visually impaired is visual light sense and complete wish of form it is clinically recorded as no light sense. Visually impaired is frequently used to describe severe visual impaired with surplus mision. Those kind of described is show that the visually impaired person having only light sense or have no more sight than the ability than they can do to tell light from dark area or the general direction that they are of a light source.To decide which people need the special assistance is because of their visual disabilities, governmental guide handbook for define the visually impaired person. In most of country, legal visually impaired person is defined as they can see 20/200 or less far with the better eye and the best correction possible. That means that a legally visually impaired individual would have to stand 20 feet from an object to see it with best correction possible and also the same degree of clear as a normally sighted person could from 200 feet. In many areas, people with average sharpness of less than 20 degrees are also classified as being legally visually impaired. About ten percent of those deemed legally visually impaired, by any measure, have no vision. The rest have some vision, from light sense to sexual relationly good acuity. The ten revision of the World Health Organization International Statistical miscellanea of Diseases,have say that low visionis defined as visual sense of less than 6/18, but equal to or better than 3/60, or interchangeable visual field loss to less than 20 degrees, in the better eye with best possible correction. Visually impairednessis defined as visual acuity of less than 3/60, or corresponding visual field loss to less than 10 degrees, in the better eye with best possible correction. tactile graphicsare the images use to raise outward to let the visually impaired person can feel them and know about the infoemations. They always use to provide the non-textual information such as maps, graphs, paintings and also the diagrams. The graphics can give the verbal description, sounds for the visually impaired person to read it in their mind and remember it.RFIDRFID already the dispersion quietly on our life, very common to saw or heard this noun, Strange did not know that behind it the operation principle and the technology. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Chinese may be called the wireless radio frequency recognition system. Usually is the system which is composed of detector (Reader) and RFID label (Tag), its operations principle uses the sensor launch radi o wave, touches in the facility scope the RFID label, and produces the electric current because of the electromagnetic induction, supplies on the RFID labels chip to operate and to send out the electromagnetic wave response sensor. Actuates the energy origin difference, the RFID label to be possible to divide into the driving type and the nonoperational form two kinds The passive form label itself does not have batterys installment, needs the electric current to depend entirely on the sensor the radio wave electromagnetic induction production, therefore only will then be receiving the signal which the sensor will send out only then the passive response sensor But the driving-type label built-in has the battery, may transmit the signal to supply the sensor read on own initiative, the signal transmission scope relative to be also broader than the passive form.Actually RFID already has in our daily life environment, will drive on the highway not to need to offend the vehicle to give ETC which the coupon book will use the prepaid card, will go 7-11 to buy a drink to use VISA undulate the credit card, on the beloved pet body will implant the pet chip, in the store or the library security chip, will get in the home to open MiFare which the front door entrance guard will use the chip card, these will be the RFID practical coverings. The RFID characteristic especially qualify uses for to take the person or goods on circuit control examine and the recognition. Therefore RFID widespread application in entrance guard control, flow control as well as aspects and so on electronic ticket. In addition RFID has formulated the global unified ISO standard, simultaneously favors the opportunity which RFID brings, had many manufacturer investment related industry research and development, in recent years in domestic and foreign promotes many and the RFID related application for example The global biggest chain-like circuit discusses Wal-Mart to request its first 100 big up stream supplier installs the RFID label on the goods packing or the stack board, with the aim of tracing the goods on supply chain immediate information, may reduce the cost and enhance the product information the transparency The domestic Yulong automobile the RFID technology application in the car care service flow control, the vehicle owner may grasp clearly in the restroom loves the vehicle immediate touch on situation and the progress Three always use in RFID patients recognition, avoids giving the medicine to be wrong, the large enhancement prepares the medicine with to give the medicine the accuracy.In electronic ticket application aspect, because the RFID label built-in memory may deposit the related recognition material, in addition encrypts the mechanism then records the ticket tickets content security in the electronic chip, therefore may widely apply in the jot expends, in order to avoid eliminates pays in cash gives change or the credit card signature and so on is trou blesome. Like 2006 FIFA World Cup Soccer the Organizing unit and Phillips Corporation cooperates, discards the traditional admission ticket, changes picks the RFID chip card, this act, besides enables the fan to confirm the admission fast, this RFID electron admission ticket may also use for to pay in the field expenses and so on other like parking, dining The MiFare chip but in domestic, in the majority of Taibei manpower has the long excursion card which uses is also one kind of RFID card. Besides may use for to build DORTS, the public vehicle, the cat cable and pays the parking fee, in the technology should be possible to use in other lives the jot expense. Limited to the domestic financial law, the long travel card can only use in the transportation enterprise, has not been able to carry on the service which the jot expends But last year the domestic four banks and the Taibei Wisdom Card Ticket Company signed a treaty the release long travel jointly card, and unified VISA which the VISA International organization promoted the WAVE function, enabled the cardholder besides to be possible to travel by the populace transportation system, might also use in facilitating the ultra business to expend, brings more conveniences the services. Does obeisance bestowing of the technical, RFID lets the life be more convenient, be safer, as soon as the imagination gets down the supermarket to buy a vehicles commodity, as soon as so long as the shopping cart passes through the sensor shopping detailed list, the bill produces right off, does not need to line up and so on sales clerks 11 to scrutinise and verify paying up now likely Also one gets in the home, all around the temperature, the light and the electrical appliances turn the hypothesis which immediately you like, west does not need to look looks for the remote control and the switch When familys refrigerator food drink not enough, the automatic under order form dwelling will match the government office, will not need to turn on the refrigerator to discover that most liked being possible not to have happily, this will really be the convenient future, moreover this already was not in the future far.RFID ReceiverThe receiver of RFID is provide by Maxells, their new RFID system is comprised of an advanced RFID reader and RFID chip that is customized for individual applications. It allows information to be wirelessly transferred from a tag to a reader to enhance the ability of companies to comprehend individual items.ManufacturerWelcatProduct OutlookCorresponding specificationISO/IEC15693frequency band13.56MHzMaximum communication distance50 KilometerAvailable RFID1-CODE, my-d, Infineon technologies, Tag-itOutputs/into the interfaceRS232CSlaving voltage+3.3V +5VConsumption electric power750 mW (when connect)Critical review of relevant literatureDescription of the systemIn the system, there include four main products Tactile Supermarket Layout Map, server, RFID system and also the watch for th e visually impaired person to use. The first one Tactile Supermarket Layout Map is installed at the supermarket main entrance. That can make the user easy to find it out as they come to the supermarket and use the map without position problem. Tactile map is important tool to finding help for people with visual impaired. To use a map more effectively, it is essential to know ones own position on the map. For a person with visual impaired this usually means identifying a location of distinctive landmarks in the environment, if this location is located on the map it will provide the basis information for making a decision about their own position. Moreover, the map will provide the date for the visual impaired person such as the supermarket instantaneously best prices choose and also the new arrival product. They can search the product basic on the type or the brand name of the product, which will provide all the Chinese or English two languages for user choose to make it more use eff ectively. Maybe they will not know about how to use the map, so the map will also provide a HELP function which the rung will come immediately and solve he/shes problem. The system will also provide the audible device allow the speech function which just likes a mobile phone.Every supermarket will have their own system to provide the cost and information of the product. Nowadays, they will use the traditional method to show the cost to the customers, they show the price and the name of the product on the paper then press it in front of the product. I can see a few times that the customers complain with the system price is not match with the show price. That happen will make the customer feel angry and inconvenient. Some time they will choose another product to buy, but in the worse case, they will get complain with the supermarket fraud with their trust. In the future, we should use the LCD monitor to display the price and the product information which will make the process of chan ge the price make more convenient and reduce the use of paper.In the future, supermarket will use the RFID which is the use of an object applied to or incorporated into a product for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several(prenominal) meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.There will have a server to save all of the date for price and information of the product, no need the super storage device, just simplify a computer can make it happen. The date will send to the Tactile Supermarket Layout Map to provide the date of the product.Visually impaired person use the watch, inside the watch their have the receive RFID receiver to receives the date of RFID and they can listen to the price and the information such as expire day, nutrition information and the brand name of the product with their earphone.The RFID plan may body making to order He give tongue to that the RFID product divides into the initiative radio fr equency and the passive radio frequency two broad heading ? initiative radio frequencies is the label built-in battery, sends out the electric wave to arrive at the microreader on own initiative, lets the sensor read material. The passive radio frequency is in the label does not have the battery, instead sends out the electric wave by the microreader, shoots on the label to bounce the reclamation information. Because the passive radio frequencys label compares the thin body, therefore applies largely at the retail trade, for example this companys label uses in the jewellery profession. As soon as so long as the customer takes up the jewelry, the staff member then available microreader read pastes on jewelrys label, immediately tells the product material and the selling price the customer. He pointed out that the passive radio frequency label price may be very cheap, for example a time has bought 5000, each selling price may lower to 0.5 Yuan. Besides jewelry industry, passive radio frequency label also widespread applicatio

Regional and extra regional players

Regional and extra functional playersCHAPTER IVTHE REGIONAL AND THE EXTRA REGIONAL PLAYERS AND THEIR ROLESBesides a everyday religion, Islam, foreign invaders- from Alexander the great to British in the 19th century and the Soviets in the 20th century build united the Afghans.-Insight Magazine, 09 April 1990.Brief annalsAfghanistan was the only country in the world to launch a strong protest in United Nations against the induction of Pakistan in 1947 and besides to lodge a b companionship dispute with Pakistan when it claimed that Durand Line is no more(prenominal) a binding contract as now there is no British Raj present in the region1. It also incited a major incursion in Bajur Agency, NWFP in 1961 with hope to have it annexed with itself and led then Prime diplomatic minister Dauod Khan to resign from his post, it plunged Afghanistan into a long spiral fall from which it has yet to rec over2. Top of FormBottom of FormAfghanistan soon proved to be a tough neighbour and sid ed with India on every matter which could hurt Pakistani interests using an India-Soviet favouring group. In December 1979 Russia invaded the Afghanistan with the pre-text of supporting the pro-Soviet Government. The ground forces weary of spreading Communism, Saudi Arabia indebted to the Ameri potentiometer exertion coupled with sense of Muslim power and Pakistan worried of increasely unstable and hostile Afghanistan combined to trounceher to exploit the Islamists waged a Jihad against Soviet Invaders. The Pashtun grievances and warf belordism gave expressive style to Taliban (literally meaning students) who rose from Kandhar and took 95% of Afghanistan under(a) control by year 2000. Taliban were the friends of Pakistan and safeguarded the Western lookier of Pakistan against not only Indians but even Soviets3.Environmental RealitiesUSA have tried to render peace in Afghanistan, but it has become more complicated due to inability of U.S. and NATO forces to understand the enviro nmental realities peculiar to this region and being alien to the culture and traditions of the people. To have peace requires patience and right priorities. Before peace is attempted we need to understand some hard facts4 -(a) The go along influx of Afghan youth trained in Pakistans madrassas now comprises the bulk of Taliban and Al Queda cadres. They be hooked to glorified violence in the name of jehad, and imbued with robotic discip wrinkle. They are an army beyond redemption and reasoning.(b) The silent Pashtun majority is terrorized into submission by Taliban and Al Queda.(c) The internecine warfare between the warlords for the past decade has created an unbridgeable sort out between the Pashtuns, the Tajiks, the Uzbeks, the Hazaras and the Persian speaking Shiites of Herat. The past mutual cultural cleansing and betrayals have created visceral hatred among different tribes.(d) The Pashtun dominated Taliban still cling to the estimation of Pashtuns public opinion over all Afghanistan which the minorities no longer countenance. This has led to a growing friction between heathen groups, specifically the Pashtuns and their northern Tajik and Uzbek contemporaries.Foreign transactionBefore the Soviet invasion, Afghanistan pursued a policy of neutrality and nonalignment in its foreign traffic. After the December 1979 invasion, Afghanistans foreign policy mirrored that of the Soviet join. The fall of the Taliban in October 2001 opened a new chapter in Afghanistans foreign relations. Afghanistan is now an active member of the transnational community, and has diplomatic relations with countries from around the world.IranIran shares a long rim with Afghanistan (900kilometres) and has exitd shelter to roughly 1.5million Afghans. Afghanistans relations with Iran have fluctuated over the years, with periodic disputes over the water rights of the Helmand River as the main issue of contention5. Initially, due to its war with Iraq, Iran was not actively invo lved in Afghanistan but slowr the Shia groups who were bitter due to meagre support from Pakistan became cockeyed to Iran. Following the Soviet invasion, Iran supported the condition of the Afghan resistance. Iran shares a cultural, linguistic affinity with northern Afghanistans non-Pashtun elements, which suffered the about under Taliban rule. Tehran resents the atrocities regularly visited upon the Shiah Hazara minority by Sunni fanatics in Afghanistan. Its relations with Afghanistan have change since the fall of the Taliban and has been active in Afghan reconstructive memory efforts, particularly in the western portion of the country6. Presently, Iran has adopted a more aloof posture and appears to be avoiding overt commitments or op adjust to whatever single Afghan faction.Iranian policy makers have long sought to prevent an alliance between Pakistan and a Sunni-dominated Afghanistan, which would destabilise its entire eastern border. Besides Irans competition with Pakis tan for access to the CARs, Irans Afghanistan policy is largely motivated by sectarian ties to Afghanistans Shia minority.A territorial collapse of Pakistan, or domestic derangement that nemesisened to draw in Afghanistan has always tended to be contrary to Irans interests. It has always been perceived that the nationalistic emergences of Pashtunistan could spill over to neighbouring Iran, destabilizing its Baluch population, thereby activation the anti-Iran elements in the form of the establishment of a Greater Balochistan. Thus, Iran is against both formation of a Pashtunistan within the Afghan confederation as it would give greater potency to Sunni Pashtuns and further deteriorate the conditions of Shias, and also of an independent Pashtunistan which would result in similar demands of independent reachs within Iran by other sub nationalistic communities. Prolongation of Afghan in perceptual constancy re hard-and-fasts Pakistans capability to export its light industrial goods in of import Asia and the Caucasus, where government subsidised cheap Iranian consumer exports have proliferated. A peaceful Afghanistan would also offer an unwelcome alternative for carrying Caspian basin oil and gas across Afghanistan to South Asia. Iran may also be concerned that an Afghan settlement could provide a larger opening for American and Turkish scotch and political influence in the region7.CARThe main concern of the three CARs (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan) bordering Afghanistan was the spill over of militants into their territories. Uzbekistan and Turkey had contacts with General Dostum who had argued that a confederation of autonomous states is the only solution for the chaos in Afghanistan. He warned that the Uzbeks get out neer again live under Pashtun domination and demanded a separate state, which would be a secular entity and act as a buffer for underlying Asia against the spread of Muslim fundamentalism from the Pashtun-dominated area in the south8 . Afghanistans relations with Tajikistan have been complicated by political upheaval and civil war in Tajikistan, which spurred some 100,000 Tajiks to seek refuge in Afghanistan in late 1992 and early 1993. Also disenchanted by the Talibans harsh treatment of Afghanistans Tajik minority, Tajikistan facilitated assistance to the Northern bail bond. The Karzai government has sought to establish closer ties with its northern neighbours in order to capitalize on the potential economic benefits of increased trade.CHINADuring the 1970s, the Soviet influence in Kabul, and later their invasion ofAfghanistan, has been perceived by Beijing as the purposeful encircling of china by the Soviet Union. Thus, support to Pakistans western border security has been a major feature of Beijings policy. China also has peachy interests in Central Asias energy resources and, thus, supports a moderate government at Kabul, because it is believed to be least likely to foment any sort of extremism and distu rbance in neighbouring countries. Chinas strategic concerns in the area are mirrored by the security of its lines of communication, which tends to counter Afghanistans rhetoric on Pashtunistan. The social-religious civil wars in Afghanistan have caused rise of Islamic fundamentalism. Just as America has a vision of a modestly stable Afghanistan that will no longer be a haven for extremists, China has a vision of Afghanistan as a secure conduit for roads and energy pipelines that will bring natural resources from the Indian Ocean and elsewhere. So if America defeats Al Qaeda and the irreconcilable elements of the Taliban, Chinas geopolitical position will be enhanced9. This is not a paradox, since China and America have convergence of interests with difference being that alone direction of Americas military and diplomatic effort is toward an exit strategy, whereas the Chinese hope to stay and profit.Saudi ArabiaIn late seventies, Saudis were facing severe criticism for their close alliance with USA from Arab governments. Saudis used the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan as a springboard to portray their commitment to Muslim causes and brush up their Islamic credentials. In early eighties in close cooperation with America, Saudi Arabia provided a large amount of financial aid for military and humanitarian purposes for Afghanistan. Pakistan had close working relations with all Sunni groups, and never tried to bring Shia groups into the coalition to avoid friction with Saudis. After the cut off of U.S. funds, Saudis became the largest provider of funds for Afghan adventure. The direct berth of Saudi Arabia also dramatically increased. Later, especially post 9/11, the warm relations between Taliban and Saudis hit the bottom when Taliban refused to co expire on Osama bin Ladin issue. Saudis had funded the most conservative individuals and organizations in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Ironically, most of them turned against the Saudi royal family and had openly criticiz ed the royal family for its close relationship with USA.RussiaRussia though major player until 1991 had markedly cut influence since its disintegration into many independent states. It has given limited military help to the Taliban opposition and deployed troops in Tajikistan near the border of Afghanistan. It is suspicious of increasing US influence in the area traditionally seen by them as their area of influence but not in a position to contest the USA. Since the fall of the Taliban, the Karzai government has improved relations with Russia, but Afghanistans outstanding foreign debt to Russia still continues to be a source of contention.While the campaign against world-wide act of terrorism is a key area in which U.S. and Russian interests converge, Moscow is also wary of growing U.S. influence in especially the oil-rich Caspian Sea basin. Russia is providing military computer hardware to Afghanistan and is aware of the fact that fragile nature of central authority in Afghanis tan, torn by chronic infighting among rival ethnic factions, requires U.S. presence as its breakup would likely spur renewed competition for influence. Russia has became more interested in confining Pashtun dominated Islam to the south and creating a Tadjik and Uzbek entity as a buffer area for the Central Asian states, which also suits Russias near abroad policy.PakistanPakistan shares a border of some 2,400 kilometres with Afghanistan and has 10 million Pashtun citizens of its own. The main aim of Pakistans Afghan policy was to have a friendly government in Afghanistan to secure its Western border. Pakistans policy since its inception has been snaped on maintaining a situation that could help it avoid bitterness over the Durand Line. It has been trying to force a fusion of communities along own side and inciting separation of those on the other side of the line. Islamabad sought to equilibrium Afghan territorial claims by supporting Afghan Islamic parties. Unfortunately, the p olicies, which it adopted, had exactly the opposite effects. None of the Afghan governments were willing to subordinate its actions to Pakistans wishes. Many Afghans say Pakistan has exacerbated the ethnic component of their conflict by supporting Pashtun Islamic rule. There was a domestic political incentive as well, linked to Islamabads fears about irredentism. Pakistan saw in the Taliban, and other fundamentalists, the opportunity to undermine support for Pashtun nationalism10.Pakistan was the first country to recognise Taliban rule in Afghanistan and initiated efforts to persuade the Taliban to accept a broad-based government in Kabul in which all major ethnic tribes would share power. September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the USA changed everything and presented Pakistan with a stark choice either make common cause with Washington in its war against bin Ladens al-Qaeda network based in Taliban-controlled neighbouring Afghanistan, or persist with its pro-Taliban Afghan policy and as a consequence suffer international condemnation of guilt by association. On September 13, 2001 then President General Pervez Musharraf announced that Pakistan would lend its unstinted cooperation to the international coalition against terror11. General Pervez Musharraf address to the nation on 19 September is attached as appendix B.More recently, Pakistan has been alarmed by Indias growing political, military, and economic ties to Afghanistan, and sees its establishment of consulates in the Pashtun-majority cities of Jalalabad and Kandahar as provocative. Many Afghans feel Islamabads insistence on Pashtun representation in the post-Taliban political order as the crying of crocodile tears, broody of an inability to give up strategic designs on Afghanistan12. Infact it is widely believed When push comes to shove, Pakistan is unlikely to hold back, and will use its long border and deep ethnic links with Pashtuns to alter the balance in its favour, says a senior Pashtun leader i n the present Hamid Karzis government13.Even though there are more Pashtuns in Pakistan than in Afghanistan and Pakistani Pakhtuns are better educated and more affluent, Pakistan has always been nervous about its Pashtun population. Does that mean Pakistan and Afghanistan will forever remain condemned to instability and seek security by dependence on outside forces? This may not be true, but to bring stability in the region by uniting the furious Pashtuns divided by the Durand line may be a viable option. A weak non-Pashtun dominated state in Afghanistan has never posed any threat to Pakistan because it has neither had any ideological bearings or religious extra-national ambitions nor any ethnic or sub-nationalist stirrings. On the other hand, whenever there has been a strong Pashtun dominated state in Afghanistan, its government has supported Pashtun separatism (refusal to accept the Durand Line) and pose a threat to the territorial integrity and political solidarity of Pakistan14. Pakistan has no effective control over a large swath of dirt along its border with Afghanistan primarily dominated by Pashtuns15. Dangerous extremist groups that are intent on attacking the U.S. much(prenominal) as al-Qaeda, enjoy safe haven in these border areas.United Stateshad we looked deeper, we might have found that the calm down causes behind the enduring and resilient nature of the Taliban have very little to do with religion, and much to do with an ancient ethnic struggle we the United States should hand the prospect of creating a Pashtunistan which reflects the tribal boundaries. This would be a new state, carved from parts of both Afghanistan and Pakistan This new area would be composed largely of ethnic Pashtuns, similar to what we have created in Kurdistan or Bosnia, and it would therefore very likely have the consent of the population on the ground16-Major Michael D. HolmesFollowing the Soviet invasion, the United States supported diplomatic efforts to achieve a S oviet withdrawal and contributed to the refugee program in Pakistan to assist Afghans. After the Soviet withdrawal, CIA let Pak ISI deal with the evil-looking mess of Afghanistan. The USA initially gave a free hand to Pak to build up the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. The US wanted the Taliban to develop as a counterweight to the Iranian regime and to check USSRs influence in the region. A favourable govt in Kabul would help USA in numerous ways. With the branch of CARs as independent countries in 1991 and the prospects of availability of huge oil and gas reserves again brought that area to international focus. Meanwhile, the Taliban on capturing Kabul, imposed a strict Islamic code and practiced fundamentalist policies. This led to the USA gradually distancing itself from the Taliban. Post September 11, 2001 events of cosmic proportions have resulted in world focusing on Afghanistan with a renewed interest to deal with Osama Bin Laden, who was responsible for the acts of terror o riginating from Afghanistan.The Osama Bin Laden Factor. Osama Bin Laden was once one of the star recruiters of the US intelligence agency the CIA. He enrolled thousands of jihad volunteers from the Middle East for a jihad against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. Ironically after winning their jihad against the USSR, these fundamentalists turned their attention onto the other superpower. Post 9/11 led to U.S. GWOT as the Taliban refused to hand over Osama Bin Laden to the USA.Pashtun Factor. U.S. policymakers recognised early on that Pashtun support was needed to create a broader-based moment to replace the Taliban and provide a degree of stability in the region17. This approach appears to have long condition goal of stabilising effect as U.S. has demonstrated that America supports the Pashtun desire for a stronger position in relation to the Punjabi-dominated government in Islamabad in the Af-Pak border area of Durand Line. U.S. understands that Pashtuns in FATA treasure their long -standing autonomy and do not like to be ruled by Islamabad. What they want is integration into the Northwest marches Province (NWFP) and FATA to form a single unified Pashtun province that enjoys the autonomy envisaged in the inoperative 1973 Pakistan constitution18. Al-Qaeda and its foreign fighters, who are mostly Arab, depend on local support from the Taliban for their sanctuary. Unlike Al-Qaeda, with its global terrorist agenda, most of the Taliban factions focus on local objectives in Afghanistan and FATA they do not pose a direct threat to the USA. On March 1, 2007, Pakistani ambassador to Washington the Maj. Gen (retired) Mahmud Ali Durrani, said at a seminar at the Pakistan Embassy, I hope the Taliban and Pashtun nationalism dont merge. If that happens, weve had it, and were on the verge of that.19IndiaAfghanistan remained the focus of Indian regional policy because of its geo-strategic proximity to Pakistan and the Indian foreign policy was centered on maintaining very co rdial relations with it. India in 1950 signed acquaintance Treaty to promote bilateral co-operation with Afghanistan to enhance Indian influence. In 1967, the United Pashtunistan Front (UPF) was formed in New Delhi. The then Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singh told the Indian Parliament that we are fully aware of the fundamental freedoms and natural aspirations of the brave Pashtuns which have been consistently denied to them, and their struggle has got our greatest sympathy and we will certainly support the efforts that Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan might undertake in that direction.20 After the Soviet invasion in 1979 India doubled up its efforts to further strengthen its relations with Afghanistan. Over the years Indian political elite maintained close contacts with Pasthun leaders on both sides of Durand line. The two countries have always shared a healthy relationship but with the Soviet withdrawal and its disintegration in 1991 and Mujahedeens control of Kabul in April 1992 the rel ations reached its nadir.During Taliban rule more than 30,000 Afghan refugees move to India. India is helping Afghanistan rebuild itself and with an ever-increasing belligerence in all fields, including military, intelligence, humanitarian, and economic21. India is the largest aid provider to Afghanistan and in the coming few years India likely to project as a regional power is appropriately following a pro-active approach and take the right initiatives on Afghanistan. By fostering greater economic ties with the pro-Indian Northern Alliance dominant Kabul government, New Delhi has dramatically increased its involvement in Afghanistan, and is seeking to marginalize Pakistan22. India would prefer a separate Pashtunistan rather than a neo-Taliban ruling over Afghanistan, as this would frustrate Pakistani strategy. India has good relations with Tajikistan and would continue to have good relations with the Tajik section of Afghanistan as well as with a newly formed Pashtunistan.The geo- strategic importance of Afghanistan has a great bearing on India and its approach is primarily Pak focused. Indias economic interests in Afghanistan are secondary to its strategic interests. away from the desire to restore Pakistans two-front problem, some of the factors that govern Indian approach to Afghanistan are -(a) A pro Pak government in Afghanistan is likely to support Pakistan in showcase of any future Indo-Pak Conflict and would provide them necessary Strategic depth.(b) Pak has been using Taliban militia to wage a proxy war in Kashmir.(c) Afghanistan is the hub of drug trafficking and narco-terrorism23.(d) A peaceful and stable Afghanistan will be in the economic interests of India as it will raise the prospects of Indo-Afghanistan trade and also provide greater access to the Central Asian markets and important centers for gas and oil.(e) A fundamentalist Afghanistan is likely to encourage the spread of Islamic fundamentalism in the region which would affect India.Afgh anistan constitutes a new theater of operations for Indo-Pakistani hostility. Credible U.S. media leaks indicate that Pakistani linkages to the car bombing of the Indian Embassy in Kabul on July 7, 2008.India, thus needs to convince Pakistan that Islamabad instead of exporting hatred and destruction, should seek positive parity with India and others in terms of improving the quality of life of its citizens in an inclusive manner.International PerspectiveThere is no formal international position on the Durand Line, simply a de facto one that recognizes it as a real border. No other state has accepted Afghanistans position that it is not such a border. The question arises so why should there be any international pressure on Pakistan and Afghanistan to negotiate about Durand line? The reason is that since September 11, 2001, FATA and the area alongside the Durand line has been viewed as a site of global insecurity that can be controlled only when Pakistan takes responsibility for its territory and extends the structures of the state into the region through expanding opportunities for economic development and education in the FATA region24. This is quite difficult because the security situation is currently poor, which makes launching large development projects difficult. Afghanistans refusal to give de jure recognition to the border therefore stands in the way of a comprehensive development program that would have much more impact than would tally developments in each country25.Having driven the Taliban and Al Qaeda from Afghanistan, the United States and its allies are particularly keen to end FATAs (and to a lesser extent Baluchistans) along the Durand Line to serve as center of Islamic radicalism that promotes international terrorism and seeks to destabilize Afghanistan. The presence of U.S., International Security Assistance Force(ISAF)26, and Afghan troops gives the border issue some practical urgency as the insurgents they fight retreat back into Pakista n in the belief that they will not be pursued or attacked across an international boundary27. From the perspective of the international community the discussions limited to recognition of the Durand Line as a de jure international boundary would not bring stability in the region even if they succeeded as no government in Afghanistan would be willing to pay the political price for accepting the border unless such an agreement were part of a broader package designed to make the country more secure. Pakistan also has much to gain as its economy will get a boost28. While Afghanistan is concerned about Pakistans support of the Taliban, in times past it has been Pakistan that has been concerned about Afghanistans tacit support of Pashtun separatists29.Afghan Nationalism. On a functional level, Afghanistan cannot be subjectively examined under the Western conception of either a state or a nation. The country simply does not operate in any sense of either definition at this time. Both a lim ited security apparatus and stalled international support have through little to cultivate ancient divisions based on ethnic and religious elements30.This relatively low level of Afghan nationalism is a result of cozy conflict of last two decades with atrocities committed by all sides on ethnic rivals and forced displacements and makes the task of rekindling the flame of nationalism more difficult. Political reconstruction is the essential pre-requisite for the economic reconstruction of the country. Afghanistan is at a major crossroad of its history today. The chain of events, which has led to the present situation, was beyond the control of Afghans. But now, it is Afghans who will have to do soul searching and make some difficult choices.Afghanistans neighbours need to understand and digest the fact that the entire region will be the net winner in case Afghanistan and Pakistan are good friends. The old theories of using Afghanistan as a pawn to open a second front against any thi rd country need to be buried. Any state which has any motivation to incite sectarian or ethnic divisions in any of its neighbours is following a zero gain policy as far as the long term interest of the entire region is concerned. This is the age of globalisation and not of any Forward Policies. Afghan history has proved that great issues of the day cannot be settled by fighting but by consultation and consensus31. Many regional and extra regional powers are trying to retain their respective spheres of influence in Afghanistan but no regional power can afford to antagonise Washington by working openly at cross purposes with its military campaign, it has to be supportive to U.S. goals and objectives in the region to meet its aspirations. The international community, including the U.S. government, has long avoided taking a clear position on the border issue, but its ambivalence is beginning to change32.Ghaus, Abdul Samad,The fall of Afghanistan,Pergamon-Brasseys Intenational Defense Publishers,London1988,p109.Qureshi, S.M.M. Pakhtunistan The Frontier Dispute mingled with Afghanistan and Pakistan . Pacific Affairs, Vol. 39, No. 1/2 Spring Summer, 1966, pp. 99-114. .The future of Afghanistan and Pakistan. WTF What the fork? .Puri, Rajinder Defusing Af-Pak June 7, 2009Ghaus,Op.cit.pp148-149.Afghanistan- Conservapedia. .Tomsen, Peter. Geopolitics of an Afghan Settlement. Perceptions, Journal of International Affairs Dec 2000 Feb 2001, Volume 5, crook 4. .Hussain, Hamid, Afghanistan not so great games Robert D. Kaplan. Beijings Afghan Gamble. The Center for a New American Security Khattak, Afrasiab. Interview with ICG, Chairman, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), Peshawar, May 2002. Hussain, Dr. Rifaat Pakistans relations with Afghanistan Continuity and Change.The International Crisis Group, AfghanistanThe Problem of Pashtun Alienation.5 August 2003. .ibid.Bhatt, Garurang. Coming Chaos in Afghanistan.23 Aug 2006.Bokhari, Kamran and Burton Fred, The Co unterinsurgency in Pakistan Aug 13,2009. .Holmes, Major Michael D. Secessionist Jihad The Talibans Struggle for Pashtunistan, the array Intelligence Professional Bulletin, On the Horizon MI Missions of the Near Future, July-September 2008Zalmay, Khalilzad and Daniel, Byman, Afghanistan the Consolidation of a Rogue State, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Winter 2000), p. 74.Selig S. Harrison, Pakistan The State of the UnionIbid.Owen, Bennett Jones Nationalism in Pakistan Eye of the Storm, New Haven Yale University Press, 2002,p. 139.Bhadrakumar, M.K. India and the Central Asian Dawn. The Hindu. 31 Dec 2009.Zaman, Aly, Indias Increased Involvement in Afghanistan and Central Asia Implications for Pakistan, Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) Journal, Vol. 3, N0.2 (Summer 2003), Bhadrakumar, M.K. Indian Interests in Regional Security. The Hindu. 28 Aug 2009.Subramanian Nirupama, Gilgit-Baltistan Autonomy wins few Friends. The Hindu. 30 Nov 2009.Barfield, Thomas, The Dur and Line History, Consequences, and Future. Conference organise by the American Institute of Afghanistan Studies and the Hollings Center in Istanbul, Turkey November 2007.Across the Durrand Line. Editorial. The Dawn 24 July 2008. .Bhadrakumar, M.K. Loc.cit.Maitra, Ramtanu, Central Asia Dangerous Line in the horse sense.13 March 2003. .The Durand Line History, Consequences and Future Istanbul, Turkey July 11-13, 2007Feiser, Jonathan, Central Asia The ghost of GreaterAfghanistan Jul 23, 2003 Amin, Agha. Durand Line-Afghanistan-Pakistan-Border Disputes Journal of Afghanistan Studies Kabul, November 2004.Neumann, Ronald, Borderline Insanity Thinking Big about Afghanistan The American Interest, November December 2007 issue.

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1.CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYNowadays, cloud reckon system is widely known in business environment. As stated by Potey, Dhote and Sharma (2013) cloud computation already known by people as it is not a new technology but it is consider new in a delivery model for information and services that are norm everyy use existing technology. It connects the communication between client and server sides services or application by using an internet infrastructure. Cloud service providers (CSPs) offer cloud platforms for their customers to use and create their web services, much want internet service providers offer costumers high speed broadband to access the internet.Cloud computing is another way to store business information as well as protecting that information. The method of accessing cloud computing is by using internet connection. Stephen Turner said legacy system in all cases is not displacing by the cloud. As a traditional client or server computing, enterprise c omputing and mainframes are expensive to be maintain and too some information system professionals with some big organizations have make a decision that the change may not be worthwhile the borrowing coast and risk to convert to the new model. He thinks business that is small and mid-sized already need to make the upgrades as the cloud computing is a just option to be considered at that stage especially because of the pricing and scalability. It can make them move some or all of their data storage computing that need out of their facilities, make upgrade and allude large upfront expenditures.1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMCloud computing have been used in the developing storage and data processing needs, but it has also improve in a number o... ... shut down. The available data is not correctly move to the customer at all times of need. There could be chances of duplication of data in a multiple site when recovering the data. The restoration mustiness be done quickly and complet e to avoid any further risks.Conceptual FrameworkA conceptual framework on the computes of security risks on cloud computing that affect the level of awareness among middle management personnel on selected companies around Klang Valley is shown. The independent variables of the study are factor of security risks. The factors are access, availability, network load, integrity, data security, data location and data segregation. Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework on the factors of security risks on cloud computing that affect the level of awareness among middle management personnel on selected companies around Klang Valley.