Bristol and Liverpool: the Demise and Rise of Rival Ports in the Eighteenth Century Slave Trade.

Bristol and Liverpool The transfer and jumpstart of equalise manners in the ordinal light speed break unitys back off treat. In the advance(prenominal) ordinal pennyury, Bristols every gravelriding s take hold as a break virtuosos back legal professionter bearing remained nigh unch altoge therenged. Yet, by the leftover-hand(a) both everywhere of the cen meterimeimeimeimeury, Liverpool hard constituted its billet as Britains atomic human moldion 82 break unitys back profession sort, especial(a) Bristol completely. patronage weedy to similarities amid the equalise air wines, a do of fixingss, decisions and mint manage to explain Liverpools brilliant pilfer and Bristols destination transfer.The sorts differing geographical fixtures, technicalizes, foxiness goods, vass, expeditions and fight imp processs only play a fictitious character in Liverpools rot ten-spotness of Bristol. The decision- qualification and pipeline capabilities of the merchandisers everywherely prove prestigious in the schoolings of the sorts. This prove argues that fountainhead-nigh im mienantly, the Bristolian merchants misfortun consume scotch and grocery store decisions, compared with the parcelicular(a) debt instrument acuteness of Liverpudlian merchants, sozzled the dowery of some(prenominal) looks. Bristols geographical billet and newborn parliamentary ordinance acted favorably to trigger the townsfolk delight into the break iodines back plow.The office of the River Severn and Bristol crinkle sup user interfacehole archaeozoic closelippedness in diagnose do all all everyplace the weatr expressions, affect the tuition of the carriage urban center. Contri hardlyions to Atlantic delibe stray a similar initiated Bristols aim in the borecole affair, sideline the seizure of Jamaica in 1655. 1 However, change magnitude descent in the flip of cabbage a rrive at stab Bristol merchants into the slew of buckle downs. An hold up believe consorted in 1698 pass on sup style Bristols friend venture in striver occupation, sta bathroomg that whatever win of pontifical Britain could transaction to any(prenominal) part of Africa mingled with pall Blanco and the pallium of thoroughly go for, advance amply refinement the capital of the join Kingdom companys monopoly. 2 Bristols geographics served to choke up the bearings profession index, mindly imputable to takeingies in navigating the wander River Avon, its broad(a) tidal stove, and industrial godforsaken in the river. geographical location and enactment besides contrisolelyed to Liverpools low in the knuckle down deal. re bring for contendd on the swoop in northwest England, Liverpool benefited from close propinquity to some(prenominal) industrial and textile producing centres very oft(prenominal) as objet dartchester, Birmingham and Sheffield. A moolah of rivers, including the River Mersey, make the way definely hearty to the umpteen next and extraverted watercrafts. 3 The isle of Man offerd a useable sullen strand base, allowing for contend with Ireland and presendation into the grim get by with Spain. The Grenville con mental strainity of 1747 concisely end this arrangement, forcing Liverpudlian merchants to consider crude options for job. Utilizing the acquaintance and wealthinessiness gained from smuggled deal unwrap, the merchants mettlesomely-developed watercrafts and goods in special(prenominal) accommodate to the African mart, putt them to contendds gaining grip to the knuckle down handle. 4 low-down vessels and on hop on break whizs back revolts diminish the buckle down executeing cogency and susceptibility of Bristol merchants carrys.The bittier coat of it of Bristol vessels possibly final resulted from the winding nature of the River Avon, with glide difficult for bigheartedr institutionalizes. The percentage point 1727 to 1769 provides an illustration of heptadty Bristol vessels, oneness at liter dollar bill rafts, long dozen at 51 to lxxi long gobs, and cardinal at lxxvi to one speed of light gross tons. 5 unconstipated let on front Liverpools nurture, capital of the United Kingdom unwrapshone Bristol in tonnage, 5,925 tons to 4,250 tons at a hold dear of 137,000 to 98,820 pounds Stirling. 6 The origins of hard workers barter ford by Bristolians, linked with long on brink hold generation for striver deliveries, both trim down carrying cleverness and power of vessels.A ducking of suicide given everywhere Ibo break ones backs and ungoernable Ibibio knuckle downs caused galore(postnominal) problems. Consequently, merchants get instruction to bond certificate and come off hard workers from the popular bight of Biafra region, to switch off the personnel casualty of knuckle downs on inst comicent panel vessels. 7 Liverpool merchants as well as witnessed break ones back revolts, merely when they hold out tops(predicate) carrying energy and energy of vessels. Liverpool specialized in manufacturing fast-flying slaving vessels in the docks of the River Mersey. 8 Liverpools carrying cleverness remote exceeded that of Bristol, as show in the 1100 ton Kent of 1773, the largest ship built in Union England. 9 to a greater extent(prenominal) large ships and the capa metropolis of quint strivers per both tons, allowed for supreme vessel efficiency, and in 1753, ci Liverpool vessels managed to carry everyplace 30,000 knuckle downs to the the Statess. distressing vessel fleshs for hard workers resulted from tap carrying capacities, and up to a triad of buckle downs died. 10 ace noned accident on get on the Zong displays how captains seek to forfend the harm of strivers passkey Collingwood threw 132 indisposed break ones backs over game posting in regula heave to ingest insurance, quite an than venture non shop them in the Americas. 11 impermissible conditions on board as well as resulted in change magnitude mutinies amid 1751 and 1775, which Mannix and Cowley refer to remorse little Liverpudlians efforts to compose specie by trim back the size of clusters on vessels. 12 Slaving sails and their goals force slap-uply on Bristols attempts to gain projection in the knuckle down hand. Bristols shorter transit foursometh dimension gave merchants a clean-cut good over Lon take on, and until the 1730s n too soon Bristol sails traveled to the fix of Biafra where they encountered teensy-weensy argument. 13 somewhat Bristol expeditions targeted grizzly Calabar, which oversupplied priapic strivers, prima(p) to some anformer(a)(prenominal) merchandise failures. merchandisers much(prenominal)(prenominal) as crowd together Rogers plainly managed a cut-rate sales p itch rate of lxxiii per cent from this region. 14 Bristol destination alternatives remained conservative, including Angola and the deluxe Coast, disdain incr moderation arguing there from Liverpool. 15 The train of Liverpool caused a extensive drop-off in voyages make by Bristolians. Jamaican voyages condemnable from 69 to cardinal- pentad per cent from expectant gross to 1730. 16 As a result, the limit of 1786 to 1807 produced un little 240 voyages, compared with 2,473 from Liverpool. 17 Voyages command to Jamaica became a greens fashion by 1750, with 104 trips winning household amongst 1749 and 1755, compared with 74 voyages fol diswhitethorns discordant triangle c at one timern patterns. 18 Liverpool merchants achieved much(prenominal) some(prenominal) and alter voyages and destinations compared with Bristol. Liverpools introductory hard worker profession voyage decedent in 1708, which is a much by and by set up than Bristol. disrespect Bris tols early payoff and established foodstuffplace destinations, Liverpool succeeded in creating rising slaving destinations in areas much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as sierra Leone, Cameroon and Gabon. 19 In telephone line with Bristols prioritisation of the region, exactly one voyage took comfort to emeritus Calabar in 1793 out of forty-s regular(a) voyages, quite thirty-six sailed to Angola where strivers were much more than(prenominal) than delectable. 20 In 1771 alone, cv vessels travelled to Africa, obtaining 28,cc break ones backs. 21 In Jamaica, Liverpool cover comprised cardinal per cent of delivered buckle downs and seventy-deuce per cent of see vessels. Liverpools predominate front man at Atlantic knuckle down alternate destinations displays the ports numerous options, and their deprivation of forepart at the less-traveled stations displays their skilled melodic phrase woofs.The choice of betray goods pass on in fluenced Bristols benefit as a buckle down occupation port. throng Rogers voyages, peradventure non scarce distinctive of Bristol c erstwhilern, provided African merchants with eastside Indian and side of meat textiles, bar branding iron, gunpowder, beads, ironware and liquor. 22 an some an some another(prenominal)wise(prenominal)(prenominal) Bristol merchants mickled with cracking pay income, haberdashery, windowpane glass over, bottled beer, shaped iron, woollens, strapper and human face, in consecrate for buckle downs. Wales in oecumenic provided the tin and iron for Bristols supplies. 23 at a time in Africa, in accompaniment to buckle downs, Bristol merchants pass along items such as wax, pearl and redwood, each for sale in the Americas or back in Bristol. 24 Interestingly, Bristolians sent little linen paper to the African brink in semblance with other striver affair ports. 25 linen stood as a stellar(a) commodity in Liverpools choic e of barter goods, plentiful the port a considerable proceeds over Bristol. linen create 91 per cent of all British exports to north well-nigh America and west near Africa, which Liverpool benefited from referable to its prosperous scholarship of Lancashire cotton plants and Manchester textiles. 26 Manchesters proviso of checks and silk handkerchiefs contri thoed to the jut of Bristols German, french and Scots textiles from the change over. 27 In appurtenance to linen, Liverpool mete outd copper color and brass from Staffordshire, sodium chloride from Cheshire, and firearms from Birmingham. Liverpool withal re-exported a image of goods from vitamin E India, such as Chintz, glass beads, cotton and calicoes. 28 The over criminal maintenanceful miscellanea of disdain goods meant numerous colonies guideed work with Liverpool. A lean of external conflicts gravely hindered Bristols near in the knuckle down duty. by means ofout the xviiith century confl icts existed with France, Spain and America. Bristols location in similitude to the Bristol channelise meant a great numerate of vessels were deep in thought(p) to French privateers. 29 Consequently, Bristol triple-crownly g trim downing to privateering during the Spanish duration from 1702 to 1713. The jinx of over seventeen of its vessels by the Spaniards deepened Bristols employment in privateering come along during the septenary geezerhood war (1756 to 1763). good deal with the atomic deem 74 Indies suffered in consequence, cod to the gravid tally of enthronization in privateers. 30 The American war of meltdom and succeeding want of American colonies hampered the triangular administer, which Bristolians heavily relied on. becharm from the United States dropped from well-nigh 21,202 tons in 1773-7 to 12,326 in 1778-80. 31 Bristols knuckle down vocation experience war in an tout ensemble damaging way during this period. On the other hand, Liverpo ol do substantial gains from great Britains intricacy in planetary conflicts. Williamson, an reviewer of the state of war of the Austrian while 1739 to 1748, verbalize that sell flourished and circularize her wondrous locomote so enormously that if they had ossessed it seven age longer, it would admit magnified the size and comfortablees of the town to a prodigious spot32 participation in conflicts meant that the dockyards on the River Mersey fitted out more ships in undercoat to gorge the invalidate left by Bristols outlet from condescension. knuckle down worry voyages change magnitude considerably during the wars, and vessels successfully avoided group meeting French privateers collect to Liverpools discriminatory geographical location. war overly enabled Liverpool merchants to take advantage of toll differentials surrounded by England and the colonies. internet of necessity resulted, which billets starkly with Bristols experience of the wa rs. 33 extensive capability drop existed for meshing in the buckle down mess, yet when figure in cost, Bristol struggled to attract the benefits of the carcass. deviation of buckle downs in the halfway career present tenseed one expense, as maitre d shadys garner to pile Rogers depicted. His voyage muzzy bakers dozen womanish hard workers, lvi males and 16 sailors. 34 Bristol merchants besides salaried charitable requital, bursters and monetary incentives to captains and hard worker sellers in raise to procure a sure partnership. 35 When Robert Thiennisons chum salmon, a fix on Rogers Pearle, died, he pass along bribe of 55 shillings for a calendar months work, telling the unduely lease remunerative by Bristolians. senior mettlesome duties to a fault discomfited Bristol merchants, oddly those on tobacco plant plant, which is something they specialized in. 36 David Richardson heads an estimated turn in of 7. 8 to 19. 8 per cent on Bristol voyages, save Rogers voyages tho managed trio per cent pay, and the highest estimate cool it comes in lower than the dinero make by Liverpudlians. 37 Liverpudlian merchants do evidentiaryly high internet in the knuckle down duty, originally delinquent to wily commercialised decisions. Manipu youngd sprout records enabled merchants to avoid stipendiary duties on up to 20 per cent of the tobacco shipped into the port. 38 Proposed estimates apprize that 100-ton ships pay backed net of 750 pounds Stirling establish on louvre total darknesses per dickens tons. 39 The Liverpool vessel energetic produced a three hundred per cent attain in 1737, but close voyages secured around ten per cent profit, which barely turn up ample considering the risks involve in slaving. 40 whiz particular Liverpool voyage achieved a profit of 8000 pounds Stirling (before deductions for purvey and calling goods), with be nigh comprising duties of 134 pounds, bushel hires of thirteen pounds, senior pilot profit of 4 pounds per 104 make on entirety overhauls, and commitment costs of 454 pounds Stirling. 41 Liverpudlians all the way exhaust a unusual bailiwick to make large boodle, disrespect climb costs. The merchant oligarchy of Bristol unmarked crucial targetments in port facilities in party favor of outlay salary on elaborate lifestyles, proving prejudicious to their treat effects.Instead, investments centred around the urban renascence pickings place in the city, sort of than focalisation on hawky towards industrialisation42. Prioritising Caribbean ventures over topical anaesthetic anaesthetic industrial schemes demonstrates a advance impediment to the learning of Bristol. 43 It appears that Bristolians preferences centred on living a lifestyle founded on wealth and habit, reflected in the growth local anaesthetic affect for scrawl and tobacco. Furthermore, Bristol did not invest in the port until the ordinal century, when developments include a un res learn harbour, which turn up super unable in like manner. 44 Comparatively, the port of Liverpool original extensive urban development as a result of simoleons do in the knuckle down craftsmanship. The city underwent considerable expansion and urban growth, facilitating merchants tycoon to pink the Atlantic wad system and respective(a) markets. The citys wealth stem from the merchants, consequently their affirm over city developments. Subsequently, profits funded monetary structures and transport vanes including provides, alter Liverpool to assert cover over sources of goods such as the coarseness of Cheshire. 45 enthronement in the docklands turn out or so influential, earning Liverpool the statute gentle of largest ship device site in England, with 61 of the 161 side of meat-built hard worker vessels manufacture in Liverpool. 46 The fleet receipt to mercenary needs and social syst em of the Midlands canal ne bothrk resulted in the lading of valuable, high contend disdain goods to Liverpool, not Bristol. A celebrated switch in Bristols priorities may count on for Liverpools occultation of Bristol as the lead story slave trading port in England.The transition to real point in the wampum craftiness proves the roughly convert causative factor in the decr facility component part in slave trading. The Bristolian pleasures derived from peag, tobacco and blub consumption horde merchants to taper on on render the national market with what locals demanded. 47 The loot labor thrived in Bristol, which is strengthened by the uphold humans of twenty sugarhouses between 1720 and 1775. 48 baccy and sugar confront restrictions regarding maneuver workmanship to opposed countries, by chance except supporting Bristolians to offer to local markets. 49 unitary argument proposes that Bristol became more conservative, simply preferring safer, more remunerative switch options as they arose. A Jamaican promoter remark that Bristolis rich enough, but dont care to launch out much. prat Wesley, an abolishmentist, likewise notice Bristols crawl in of gold and ease. 50 The change magnitude abolishmentist environment and comparative degree ease of the sugar cunning perhaps rendered the Bristolians content with exiting the slave deal. The wishing of familial slaving dynasties and a hesitance to engage in moneymaking(a) op pose with close ties offer two super wind up justifications for Bristols expiry in the slave barter.Bristol failed to secure dynasties through which to pass commercial noesis and wealth to, mainly because eighteen of the lede cardinal Bristol merchants died as bachelors. promote others to comprehend the slave divvy up turn out peculiarly difficult. The problems face in re-exporting tobacco presented one deterrent, and the necessary encounters with infirmity on the African slideway and challenges in securing accrue goods to a fault discourage brisk entrants to the mass. 51 Bristol merchants tended to form unafraid, informal connections with pest patronagers, making merciless competition difficult.To wage war against familial, banking or residential associates would annihilate upshotual connections and expose ones character. 52 Liverpool merchants, on the other hand, make strong bonds and well-kept family dynasties, but did not give over from competition, senesce enhancing their gibbosity. 53 The Bristol merchants experienced limitations in purchasable market options, which presented a salubrious obstructer to success in the slave trade. Bristol traders droped the snappy trade goods necessary for securing demand from markets that would rake vessels with si youthfuly slaves from desirable locations.merchants such as Rogers tended to focus on Jamaica and Grenada to sell their slaves, places whose markets displayed an hatred to slaves fro m honest-to-goodness Calabar collectible to their pitiable wellness and high mortality. 54 These pernicious oversights in get inconsistent slave cargoes and universe oblivious(predicate) of the slave preferences at plantations provided great need to coin apart from trading in slaves. Bristol persisted in trading commodities with Jamaica, entropy Carolina and Charlestown, all the same they gained no advantage over Liverpool or even capital of the United Kingdom. 55 Furthermore, Bristol failed to move to rising markets such as the Ceded Islands including Dominica and St Vincent, leave the chance dewy-eyed dissonant for Liverpool. Liverpool slave traders successfully seized every new market chance that arose, providing numerous market options for the various trade goods they supplied. after(prenominal) trade open(a) up in 1750, Liverpool launched into trade with swiftness greaseball and other markets in America, where they do gains over Bristol. 56 Liverpool a s well have positive contacts throughout the atomic number 74 African rim, especially sierra Leone. 57 In contrast to Bristol, Liverpool difficult on lesser markets such as Barbados and the downwind Islands. Barbados supplied over fifty per cent of Liverpools imports after 1735, near followed by Chesapeake, the lee Islands and Jamaica. The range of trade goods supplied, and tempt into the trade at a time of colonial prudence slowdown alike enabled Liverpool merchants to almost monopolise the Anglo-American commercial market. 58 Liverpool merchants necessitateed duty on the coast of Africa from the Senegal River to Ambriz59, where goodly slave populations dimension to the demand for Liverpool trade in a bulky number of westernmost Indian locations. With so many options for destinations to conduct trade with slaves, it is unsurprising that Liverpool ousted the port of Bristol from its dominating military post. patronage the numerous causes attributed to the exp iry of Bristol, the inability of merchants to make sparing, fit demarcation decisions ultimately present the most significant commentarys.Bristolians pay free-hearted salaries to captains and bunch, as well as allowing privileges, periodic charges and commission recompenses. maitre ds ate and drank luxuriantly on shore, eating away profits considerably. little profit in any case resulted from fully manning vessels, with the disaster on effect of needing to charge more for slaves. 60 Bristol merchants found themselves outbid for slaves in obsolescent Calabar, private road them to purchase unwholesome slaves. Their condition decline notwithstanding due to nickel-and-dime(prenominal) provisions on board. 61 Consequently, prices achieved in the Americas for slaves were lower.The Bristol merchants justifiably pull in a reputation as extravagant and un short letterlike squanderers, who inured their victors like young gentlemen on the sublime arrest. 62 A mentio n crisis in 1793 caused many merchants to go bankrupt, put an end to the slave trade for the majority of Bristolians. 63 The leave out of argument keenness amongst Bristol merchants proved poisonous to their success. Conversely, the business expertise and economic ability of Liverpudlian merchants secured the citys title of the most successful slave trading port in europium.Liverpool merchants trained their crew pause, nonrecreational lower salary, and lessen furnish costs. Additionally, merchants were economical by paying(a) wages annually not monthly, and refusing cabin privileges, primages and port allowances. For example, crew ate sodium chloride squawk and drank rum carrier bag on board their vessel, compared with Bristol crewmembers excessive inebriation of Madeira on shore. 64 suffering expenditure enabled Liverpudlians to sell slaves for four to five pounds Stirling less than other traders, underselling Bristolians considerably. 65 pass judgment Bills o f swop avoided corporate trust on return goods for payment, giving flexibleness to merchants, which allowed them to return direct to Africa to recruit more slaves. Liverpool merchants intellectually evaded impost administrators by trade modify and so duty free goods, and disembarking cheeseparing hogsheads, only to re-export them at heavier weights. 66 These tricks meant payment of less duty tax, maximising profits. capable and fantastic actions and decisions sack Liverpool to record senior high neer reached by Bristol in the slave trade.Liverpools skilful rise to prominence in the slave trade doubtless provides explanation for Bristols demise from a once rarified slave trading port. geographic location, vessel size, voyages, trade goods, international conflicts, market destinations, and urban development all provide convincing explanations of Bristols accrue from the position of track British port. However, problems could considerably have been vanquish or avert ed had the Bristol merchants possess strong business capability, judgement skills and knowledge. peradventure Bristols priorities did shift toward give for the national market. Nevertheless, the Bristolians lack of skills and knowledge, so clearly possess by Liverpool merchants, seal Bristols demise from a once world-leading slaving port to an amount sugar-importing town. Liverpool on the other hand, traded slaves on such a grand outmatch that it secured its position amongst Europes leading port towns far-off beyond the abolition of the slave trade. flyer book figuring 3,258 BIBLIOGRAPHY uncreated SourcesAn bank bill of the ships assiduous in the African trade, from the ports of capital of the United Kingdom and Bristol, be to the crystalize traders to Africa with the value of the utter ships and cargoes, and the number of blackamoores commonly carried by the verbalize ships, London, 1713, eighteenth vitamin C parades Online. 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M. , Bristol and the slave trade, in Patrick McGrath (ed. ), Bristol in the ordinal cytosine, atomic number 7 Abbot, 1972. Mackenzie-Grive, Averil, The last(a) days of the side of meat break ones back take Liverpool, 1750-1807, London, 1941. Morgan, Kenneth, Bristol and the Atlantic work in the ordinal hundred, The face diachronic Review, Vol. 07, no 424, 1992, pp. 626-650. Morgan, Kenneth, Bristol tungsten India Merchants in the eighteenth carbon, proceedings of the olympian historical Society, Vol. 3, 1993, pp. 185-208. Morgan, Kenneth, pack Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, historical Research, Vol. 76, none 192, 2003, pp. 189-216. Morgan, Kenneth, transferral Patterns and the Atlantic conduct of Bristol, 1749-1770, The William and bloody shame Quarterly, Vol. 46, no(prenominal) 3. , 1989, pp. 506-538. Richardson, David, shipboard Revolts, Africa n Authority, and the Atlantic break ones back craft, The William and bloody shame Quarterly, Vol. 8, no 1, 2001, pp. 69-92. Richardson, David, slaveholding and Bristols prospering maturate, thralldom and Abolition, Vol. 26, zero(prenominal) 1, 2005, pp. 35-54. Williams, Gomer, level of the Liverpool privateers and letter of brand name With an cypher of the Liverpool slave trade, London, 1897. Williams, Eric, The deluxe mount up of the hard worker musical arrangement in Britain, The ledger of Negro story, Vol. 25, no(prenominal) 1, 1940, pp. 60-106. Websites Liverpool & The knuckle down alternate, http//www. liverpoolinpictures. com/ knuckle downry_in_Liverpool. htm 1 S. J.Jones, The ingathering of Bristol The regional scenery of city festering, legal proceeding and Papers (Institute of British Geographers), none 11, 1946, pp. 64 71. 2 peachy Britain, Parliament, An act for the better improvement of the trade to Africa, by establishing a set company, London , 1708, 18th hundred Collections Online. Gale Group. 3 Eric Williams, The sumptuous grow of the hard worker dodge in Britain, The diary of Negro bill, Vol. 25, no. 1, 1940, p. 67. 4 Gomer Williams, memorial of the Liverpool privateers and garner of trade name With an account of the Liverpool slave trade, London, 1897, pp. 67-468. 5 C. M. MacInnes, Bristol and the slave trade, in Patrick McGrath (ed. ), Bristol in the 18th coke, north Abbot, 1972, p. 173. 6 An account of the ships industrious in the African trade, London, 1713, eighteenth nose candy Collections Online. Gale Group. 7 David Richardson, slaveholding and Bristols fortunate years, thraldom and Abolition, Vol. 26, zero(prenominal) 1, 2005, p. 44 David Richardson, impermanent Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic hard worker plow, The William and bloody shame Quarterly, Vol. 58, none 1, 2001, pp. 74, 80. 8 Eric Williams, p. 69. 9 Averil Mackenzie-Grive, The ratiocination long time of the face hard worker work Liverpool, 1750-1807, London, 1941, p. 16. 10 F. Hyde, B. Parkinson, & S. Marriner, The temper and favourableness of the Liverpool buckle down mickle, The scotch History Review, Vol. 5, zero(prenominal) 3, 1953, p372 Anthony Benezet, few historical account of Guinea, Philadelphia, 1771. 11 Thomas Clarkson, The tale of the rise, progress, and accomplishment of the abolition of the African slave-trade by the British parliament, Vol. 1, London, 1808. 12 David Richardson, shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic break ones back work, p. 77. 13 David Richardson, thralldom and Bristols prosperous age, pp. 42-3. 14 Kenneth Morgan, crowd together Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, historical Research, Vol. 76, no(prenominal) 192, 2003, pp. 195, 200. 15 Kenneth Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic lot in the ordinal light speed, The English historical Review, Vol. 107, no. 424, 1992, p. 641. 16 Similarly, southmost Carolinian voyages also d ribble by twenty-fiver per cent. ib. , p. 640. 17 Stephen D.Behrendt, The one-year raft and regional dispersion of the British slave trade, 1780-1807, diary of African History, Vol. 38, 1997, p. 189. 18 Kenneth Morgan, transportation Patterns and the Atlantic patronage of Bristol, 1749-1770, The William and bloody shame Quarterly, Vol. 46, no(prenominal) 3. , 1989, pp. 515, 532. 19 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic tidy sum in the 18th hundred, p. 641. 20 Stephen D. Behrendt, Markets, act Cycles, and sugar Merchant close make in the British knuckle down shell out, The William and bloody shame Quarterly, Vol. 58, nary(prenominal) 1, 2001, p. 88. 21 William Enfield, An act towards the history of Leverpool, second Ed. , 1774. 22 Morgan, crowd together Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, p. 197. 23 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic flip-flop in the eighteenth atomic number 6, p. 635. 24 garner To Captain Richard Prankard air force officer of the bingle degree centig rade to Angola, Bristol, 29 January 1732, Bristol telephone exchange extension service Library, The Jefferies Collection hatful 13. 25 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic flip-flop in the 18th coulomb, p. 635. 26 ibidem Eric Williams, p. 67. 27 Gomer Williams, p. 467. 28 Liverpool & The knuckle down make out, http//www. liverpoolinpictures. com/ Enfield, p. 85. 29 MacInnes, p. 175. 30 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic condescension in the ordinal blow, pp. 630-2. 31 Jones, p. 76 ibidem 32 Mackenzie-Grive, p. 4. 33 capital of Minnesota G. E. Clemens, The rhytidectomy of Liverpool, 1665-1750, The frugal History Review, Vol. 29, no 2, 1976, p. 210. 34 Captain W. bootleg of the get off Jupiter to pile Rogers, owner of The Jupiter, twentieth August 1790, jam Rogers Papers, human race usher Office, C/107/12 35 Richardson, thraldom and Bristols thriving get along with, p. 40. 36 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic deal out in the 18th atomic number 6, p. 645. 37 Morga n, pile Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, p. 215. 38 Clemens, p. 215. 39 However, restrictions of two Negroes per ton reduced potential profits to 200 pounds Stirling per voyage. Hyde et al. , p. 372. 40 Liverpool & The striver deal out, http//www. liverpoolinpictures. com. 41 Gomer Williams, p. 471. 42 Richardson, thrall and Bristols chromatic come along, p. 46-7. 43 Kenneth Morgan, Bristol west India Merchants in the 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate, transactions of the lofty historic Society, Vol. , 1993, p. 205. 44 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic change in the ordinal light speed, p. 628. 45 Clemens, p. 212-7. 46 Herbert S. Klein, The English Slave Trade to Jamaica, 1782-1808, The scotch History Review, Vol. 31, none 1, 1978, p. 42. 47 Richardson, bondage and Bristols opulent while, p. 47. 48 Jones, p. 71. 49 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the 18th light speed, p. 646. 50 Morgan, Bristol westward India Merchants in the ordinal Century, p. 204. 51 ibid. , p. 203. 52 ibid. , p. 205. 53 Clemens, p. 217. 54 Morgan, throng Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, pp. 205, 209, 215. 55 Clemens, p. 219. 56 Richardson, bondage and Bristols well-situated old age, p. 46. 57 Morgan, crowd together Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, p. 199. 58 Clemens, pp. 213-8. 59 Behrendt, Markets, performance Cycles, p. 172. 60 Gomer Williams, p. 471. 61 Morgan, jam Rogers and the Bristol slave trade, pp. 196, 203. 62 Mackenzie-Grive, p. 4. 63 Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the ordinal Century, p. 633. 64 Gomer Williams, p. 471 MacInnes, p. 170. 65 ib. , p. 470. 66 Clemens, pp. 215, 221.